Economic model, climate model, and combined integrated forecast for the
Mining sector under the default scenario envelope
(North America · 12-24 months · Delayed transition).
Economic model
Economic Outlook
IMF WEO baseline with CE industry adjustments anchors the economic baseline for North America. For mining, global baseline growth, inflation, and policy context under fragmented policy conditions over the 12-24 months horizon.
GDP Growth
2.97%
conf 60%
Inflation
6.03%
conf 55%
Capital Formation
4.14%
conf 52%
Labor Tightness
0.69 index
conf 50%
Climate model
Climate Outlook
CMIP6 ensemble summary with CE near-term pathway overlays anchors the climate risk lens for North America. Under delayed transition conditions, long-run scenario diversity and physical risk framing is most relevant for mining exposure.
Physical Hazard
0.74 index
conf 75%
Transition Pressure
0.7 index
conf 70%
Adaptive Resilience
0.45 index
conf 64%
Sector GHG Share
4.2%
of global emissions
Combined model
Integrated Forecast
mining in North America faces elevated climate-linked pressure, but still retains selective growth potential if capital is redirected toward resilience and supply-chain hardening.
Pressure Index
0.77
Resilience Index
0.55
Opportunity Index
0.84
Confidence Index
0.68
Emissions accounting
Sector GHG Contribution
This sector accounts for 4.2% of global greenhouse gas
emissions. This is the causal input that modulates transition pressure in the climate model above —
higher-emitting sectors face larger regulatory and market transition obligations under any pathway.
Global GHG Share
4.2%
Decarbonisation Cost
0.72 index
Regulatory Exposure
0.68 index
BAU Trajectory
Mixed
Paris Alignment Gap
Large
Primary emission sources:
coal mine methane (ventilation air methane and drainage) · diesel combustion — haul trucks, excavators, drilling rigs · on-site ore processing and smelting · explosives detonation (N2O)
Mining faces a paradox: it is a high-emission sector AND a critical enabler of clean-energy transition (copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt). Transition creates demand uplift for critical minerals (+400% copper demand by 2040 under IEA NZE scenario) while imposing cost pressure on coal mining via carbon pricing and divestment. Delayed transition: coal remains profitable, reducing decarbonisation pressure on existing operators but stranding future projects. Orderly: coal demand collapse accelerates stranding; critical mineral miners face significant capex for green extraction methods.
Sector indicators
Sector-Native KPIs
Operational and financial indicators specific to Mining.
These contextualise the macro signals (GDP growth, inflation) with sector-level activity data.
Critical Mineral Demand Growth Pct
28.6
Coal Revenue Dependency Score
0.52
Stranded Coal Asset Index
0.68
Water Intensity Score
0.77
Decarbonization Capex Index
0.74
Supply Concentration Hhi
0.71
Green Premium Capture Index
0.38
Community Social Risk Score
0.65
GHG gas mix
Emissions by Gas Type
CH4 dominant — coal mine ventilation methane is the single largest emission source (GWP100 × 28). CO2 from diesel equipment and processing energy. N2O from explosive detonation (ANFO). F-gas negligible. Sources: EDGAR v8.0 Mining category, IEA Coal Mine Methane 2023, IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch. 11.
Company emissions — Scope 1 + 2
Direct & Energy Emissions by Company
Bars colour-coded by decarbonisation pace:
■ fast
■ moderate
■ slow.
Hover for net-zero target.
Carbon intensity
Scope 1 Intensity per $bn Revenue
Thousand tonnes CO₂e per billion USD revenue — the operational carbon cost of generating $1bn of
sector revenue. Lower is better. Colour = decarbonisation pace.
Supply-chain footprint
Scope 3 (Value-Chain) Emissions
Estimated Scope 3 emissions — upstream supply chain, sold-product end use, and downstream
processing. Company disclosures or IPCC Tier 2 estimates. Note the order-of-magnitude gap
between fossil producers and clean-energy companies.
Emissions intensity — pathway convergence
GHG Intensity per Unit of GDP — 2025–2045
Combined energy and carbon intensity index (base = 100 in 2025), derived from
the Kaya identity: EI index × CI index ÷ 100.
Faster convergence toward zero = stronger decoupling of output from emissions.
Source: CE Kaya decomposition calibrated to IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch. 3 & IEA NZE 2050.
Accelerated Transition achieves the steepest intensity reduction.
The gap between pathways by 2045 represents avoided emissions risk.
Country-level breakdown
Mining Sector Emissions by Country & Trend
Sector GHG emissions by country (2022). Hover bars for the secondary metric. Colour = region.
See source citations below.
Top 15 emitters — 2022
Mining Emissions by Country
Top 15 emitters. Colour = region. Hover for details.
Trajectory — 2010–2022
Mining Trend: Top Emitters
Annual GHG trend for the six largest sector emitters.
Data sources
Company emissions: CDP disclosures, company sustainability reports (2022–2024)
Transmission analysis
How Climate Risk Reaches Mining
Operating pressure
0.72
Financing pressure
0.93
Supply-chain pressure
0.95
For mining in North America, climate stress matters economically through operations, financing, and supplier reliability rather than through a single aggregate damage number.
Facility disruption
Flood and heat events slow throughput while labor tightness and energy costs reduce utilization.
Impact score0.74
Affectsthroughput, downtime, labor productivity
Supplier fragility
Trade fragmentation and localized climate shocks increase inventory and lead-time volatility.
Impact score0.71
Affectslead times, working capital, supplier diversification
Guidance
Analyst Guidance
Priority
Prioritise green hydrogen pathway feasibility studies for high-temperature process heat.
Priority
Reprice capex hurdle rates to reflect carbon-cost pass-through under $150/tCO₂.
Priority
Accelerate supply-chain reshoring to reduce exposure to climate-fragile logistics corridors.
Watch
CBAM certificate costs materially affecting competitiveness
Watch
Forced asset idling from acute extreme-weather events
Watch
Stranded-asset risk in fossil-fuel-dependent process equipment
Watch
Near-term regulatory announcement risk (COP outcomes, domestic carbon-price reviews)
Rationale
For mining in North America, climate stress matters economically through operations, financing, and supplier reliability rather than through a single aggregate damage number.
Rationale
Primary operating pressure: 0.720
Rationale
Primary financing pressure: 0.930
Rationale
Composite pressure index: 0.770 (high band)
Rationale
Climate pathway: Delayed transition → delayed profile
Natural Capital Dependencies
Ecosystem service dependencies and projected depletion risk for the Mining sector under a Delayed transition pathway (TNFD LEAP matrix, FAO data).
Dependency & depletion risk
| Ecosystem service | Dependency score | Depletion risk / decade | Dependency bar |
|---|
| Loading… |
Supply Chain Topology Risk
Network propagation of supply disruptions from the Mining sector. Edges weighted by inter-sector dependency, geographic concentration and substitutability (OECD TiVA 2023, IMF GSCPI 2024).
Propagation summary
Loading…
Affected nodes & tier exposures
Loading…